![]() When the upper-limb skeleton is used in positions of low efficiency, implying unbalanced force components, it undergoes plastic changes, which improve these parameters. Moreover, reaching an object and bringing it close to the face in a close-to-neutral position improve efficiency and entail an equilibrium between the forces affecting the elbow joint stability. Efficiency is also affected by medial epicondylar orientation and carrying angle. A more proximal location of pronator teres radial enthesis and a larger humeral medial epicondyle increase efficiency and displace the position where this component becomes negative towards forearm neutral position, which enhances radial curvature. ![]() An increase of radial curvature improves efficiency and displaces the position where the radial component becomes negative towards the end of pronation. ![]() The model also enables to calculate efficiency and force components simulating changes in osteometric parameters. Both components could enhance radial curvature, especially in pronation. The radial component becomes negative in pronation and reaches lower values as the elbow flexes. The vertical component of pronator teres force is the highest among all components and is greater in pronation and elbow extension. #Descargar anatomia de rouviere tomo 2 pdf full#The results show that maximal efficiency is the highest in full elbow flexion and is close to forearm neutral position for each elbow angle. Using skeletal remains, we analyze pronator teres rotational efficiency and its force components throughout the entire flexion-extension and pronation-supination ranges by means of a new biomechanical model and 3D imaging techniques, and we explore the relationship between these parameters and skeletal structure. ![]() Biomechanical models are useful to assess the effect of muscular forces on bone structure. ![]()
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